other scholars have used when looking at similar bodies of text, and finally draws some possible conclusions from the curse tablets with reference to their chronology and expected linguistic changes in the western empire. Found inside – Page 118Bibliography Adams, J. N. (1992) British Latin: the text, interpretation and language of the bath curse tablets, Britannia XXIII, 1–26. A collection of 130 ancient 'curse tablets' featuring gruesome messages of revenge, found in Bath, Somerset, have been added to a Unesco register. ), Mariage-mariages, Paris, 2001. [34], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Tomlin, Roger "Writing and Communication", p.152 in, "Archaeology Collection – Roman Baths Museum: Bath & North East Somerset Heritage Services Division", https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Bath_curse_tablets&oldid=720972967, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. 62) was written backwards, but done from a straight text - a conclusion based on some of the mistakes the writer made. Numerous handwriting styles were used and sometimes ornate detail was included, which has led to speculation on the scribe’s role. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Instead Bath was a very traditional Roman-style bathing sanctuary. Curse tablets were found in the spring asking Sulis Minerva to take revenge for items stolen in the bath house. 6 Jackson, Kenneth, 1953. Found inside – Page 57... simply that a prior ' rough copy ' of the tablet text has been made ... We can be confident that a Bath curse inscribed on a pewter plate was not ... Interpretation and Language of the Bath Curse Tablets, in Britannia, 23, 1992, p. 1-26. Found inside – Page 94Similarly, the Greek text is also contained in this form. 249. R. S. Stroud, 'Curses from Corinth', AJA 77 (1973), 228. 250. Fourteen tablets which target ... Curse Tablets and Binding Spells from the Ancient World. Found inside – Page 3754 Tomlin , Tabellae Sulis ; J. N. Adams , ' British Latin : the text , interpretation and language of the Bath curse tablets ' , Britannia , 23 ( 1992 ) ... The Roman curse tablets are the personal and private prayers of 130 individuals inscribed on small sheets of lead or pewter. The second step was the production of the tablet using specialist equipment. Leaden curse (defixio) Material. Although it was a healing temple, around a hundred and thirty curse tablets were also found in the sacred spring. Found inside – Page 353'British Latin: Notes on the Language, Text and Interpretation of the Bath Curse Tablets', Britannia 23: 1–26. ——--(1994a). 'Wackernagel's Law and the ... Among British finds there are 130 curse tablets from the Sacred Spring at Bath, of roughly the second to fourth centuries A.D., some of them reasonably preserved, others fragmentary. On some tablets from other provinces the god and / or the . The Bath curse tablets are a collection of about 130 Roman era curse tablets (or defixiones in Latin) discovered in 1979/1980 in the English city of Bath.The tablets act as a request for intervention of the goddess Sulis Minerva in the return of stolen goods and to curse the perpetrators of the thefts. [16] Theft from public baths appears to have been a common problem as it was a well-known Roman literary stereotype and severe laws existed to punish the perpetrators. 2011. The use the Latin marker, compared with roughly 70 per tablets seem to contain a mix of Vulgar Latin and cent in the RIB I material. They were then often rolled, folded, or pierced with nails, and the tablets were then usually placed beneath the ground: either buried in graves or tombs, thrown into wells or pools, sequestered in underground sanctuaries, or nailed to the walls of temples. Here the writers used a lot of formulaic language, like the form si mulier, si baro (e.g. Bath's famous Roman curse tablets have recently been added to the UNESCO Memory of the World register of outstanding documentary heritage. bescu, berebescu. The Bath Curse Tablets include several different texts, all with a similar goal. The Vindolanda tablets are made from birch, alder and oak that grew locally, in contrast to stylus tablets, another type of writing tablet used in Roman Britain, which were imported and made from non-native wood. The Bath tablets dedicated to Sulis Minerva have . Jump to navigation Jump to search Bath curse tablets Collection of Roman era curse tablets . [21], All but one of the 130 Bath curse tablets concern the restitution of stolen goods and are a type of curse tablet known as "prayers for justice". Site. The tablets act as a request for intervention of the goddess Sulis Minerva in the return of stolen goods and to curse the perpetrators of the thefts. Inter saecula secundum et quartum p.C.n. It was found on site in 1880, during Major Davis's excavations of the Sacred Spring. It acted as a threat whereby the thief would be punished if the items were not returned. It has usually, but with some . There are 130 Roman curse tablets in total, made of leads and stones used to evoke the Roman Goddess of Justice, Sulis Minerva, to curse the thieves of their stolen . Litterae Magicae. Found inside – Page 195familiarity with the formulas of Roman legal texts.23 He called the stolen ... Latin: The Text, Interpretation, and Language of the Bath Curse Tablets,” ... Found insideFull analysis of ancient and medieval expressions of Celtic cursing, using evidence ranging from magical charms to curse tablets. [4][17] Although many tablets are believed to have been created by specialists, there is also evidence that amateur cursers also engaged in creating them. Found inside – Page 793(1992), 'British Latin: the text, interpretation and language of the Bath curse tablets', Britannia 23, 1–26. —— (1993), 'The generic use of mula and the ... The Bath curse tablets are a collection of about 130 Roman era curse tablets (or defixiones in Latin) discovered in 1979/1980 in the English city of Bath.The tablets invoke the intercession of the goddess Sulis Minerva in the return of stolen goods and to curse the perpetrators of the thefts. 6 1.1 Four of Jackson's twelve points Found inside – Page 177Bath: Christian Reuse of Subsequent opinion has judged that this text was ... R. S. O. “The Curse Tablets,” in The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath, ed. 0.0683 × 0.0683 × 0.00127 m. Condition. other scholars have used when looking at similar bodies of text, and finally draws some possible conclusions from the curse tablets with reference to their chronology and expected linguistic changes in the western empire. This page was last modified on 18 May 2016, at 23:10. This word does not appear on the Bath curse . Found inside – Page 739“British Latin: The Text, Interpretation and Language of the Bath Curse Tablets.” Britannia 23: 1–26. Adams, J.n. 1995. “The Language of the Vindolanda ... 2: The finds from the sacred spring, Oxford, 1988. Found inside – Page 632300 and employed by the imperial administration, but also found in such private texts as the Bath curse tablets. Cursive played an important role in the ... They are the personal and private prayers of 130 individuals inscribed on small sheets of lead or pewter, and cast into the hot spring at . Tomlin, in a wide-ranging edition. Curse tablets. tablets, but we find the words . Sulis was the Celtic goddess of the thermal hot springs in Bath. Among British finds there are 130 curse tablets from the Sacred Spring at Bath, of roughly the second to fourth centuries A.D., some of them reasonably preserved, others fragmentary. wide, carrying away a letter and a half from the beginnings of ll. Found inside(1992), 'British Latin: the text, interpretation and language of the Bath curse tablets', Britannia 23, 1–26. —— (1993), 'The generic use of mula and the ... A curse tablet or binding spell ( defixio in Latin, κατάδεσμος katadesmos in Greek) is a type of curse. The Vindolanda tablets were, at the time of their discovery, the oldest surviving handwritten documents in Britain (they have now been antedated by the Bloomberg tablets). 1992. The Bath curse tablets are a collection of about 130 Roman era curse tablets (or defixiones in Latin) discovered in 1979/1980 in the English city of Bath. According to Curse Tablets from Roman Britain, "Tablets were commonly deposited in locations where the gods alone could read them." Certainly, these writers could never have imagined that their curses would become objects of such interest some twenty centuries . Found inside – Page 75British Latin: The Text, Interpetation and Language of the Bath Curse Tablets. Britannia 23: 1–26. ——. 2002. Bilingualism and the Latin Language. Found inside – Page 37The most eloquent curses come from the huge haul of curse tablets ( defixionum tabellae ) from the spring at Bath in England . They threatened thieves with loss of mental functions, loss of sleep and a ceasing of bodily functions unless the items were returned to their owners. Found in the town of Bath, England, the tablets were dedicated to the Celtic and Roman goddess Sulis Minerva to address wrong doings. Found inside – Page 37422 J.N. Adams, British Latin: The Text, Interpretation and Language of the Bath Curse Tablets, Britannia 23 (1992) 1–26. Sur l'importance de la pØtition ... The inscription in British Latin translates as: "May he who carried off Vilbia from me become liquid as the water. [10][11], The tablets were identified as “curse tablets” dating from the second to fourth centuries A.D.[5] Curse tablets are metal sheets inscribed with curses against specific people who committed petty theft. Description. Some of the texts excavated from the spring at Bath have been so treated. Found in the town of Bath, England, the tablets were dedicated to the Celtic and Roman goddess Sulis Minerva to address wrong doings. (Photo: Mike Peel/CC BY-SA 4.0) Famed for its healing waters and once home to Jane Austen, the southwestern British city of Bath also boasts a history rich in Roman . Let the starting-gates not (open) properly. Let him not compete quickly. Let him not pass. Let him not make the turn properly. Let him not receive the honors. Let him not squeeze over and overpower. Found insideA groundbreaking new interpretation of the relationship between Greek and Oscan, two of the most widely spoken languages of pre-Roman Italy. They were then often rolled, folded, or pierced with nails, and the tablets were then usually placed beneath the ground: either buried in graves or tombs, thrown into wells or pools, sequestered in underground sanctuaries, or nailed to the walls of temples. ADAMS, British Latin: The Text, Interpretation and Language of the Bath Curse Tablets - - R. BRADLEY, Roman Salt Production in Chichester Harbour: Rescue Excavations at Chidham, West Sussex - - - 27 I.D. Curse tablets were something brought from Rome. Download full-text PDF Read full-text. The sample may be skewed, though, by a collection of tablets that were found in Bath. The formula "whether man or woman or whether slave or free" is typical, and the following example is unusual in two respects. 'curse tablets', and small ex-votos ranging from combs to intaglios to . Found inside – Page 539J. N. Adams , “ British Latin : Text , Interpretation and Language in the Bath Curse Tablets , ” Britannia 23 ( 1992 ) : 1-26 . She is shown here with one of the small offering-pans dedicated to Her by worshippers which were found at the site of Bath; they were usually inscribe "DSM", short for the Latin Dea . PDF. 23,‎ 1992, p. 1 (DOI 10.2307/526102) ↑ (en) Valerie Flint et al., Witchcraft and Magic in Europe : Ancient Greece and Rome, vol. One of the suspected British Celtic inscriptions has been translated as: An alternative translation of the above inscription is: The Bath curse tablets are the most important record of Romano-British religion yet published. [9], The tablets were identified as “curse tablets” dating from the second to fourth centuries A.D.[4] Curse tablets are small metal sheets inscribed with curses against specific people and were used in popular magic throughout the Roman world. Inscribed mostly in British Latin, they have been used to attest to the everyday spoken . In Britain, the richest site for curse tablets is Bath, ancient Aquae Sulis, where they were deposited in the hot spring between the second and fourth centuries AD. The writer . The Roman baths and temple dedicated to the goddess Sulis Minerva in the English city of Bath (founded by the Romans as Aquae Sulis) were excavated between 1978 and 1983 by a team led by Barry Cunliffe and Peter Davenport. Found inside – Page 23Some of his texts overlap with Tomlin's, which is a reasonable indication that the ... The Text, Interpretation and Language ofthe Bath Curse Tablets, ... Scholars are still debating over what the text . "British Latin: The Text, Interpretation, and Language of the Bath Curse Tablets." Britannia 23, 1-26. The recent publication by A. K. Bowman and J. D. Thomas of The Vindolanda Writing Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses II) (1994) provides another substantial corpus of Latin from a military outpost in . For RIB I and the various volumes of the Vindolanda Tablets, each line number evenly divisible by five is indicated. Some wish for the goddess to kill their offender, while others seek alternative forms of justice. [14] The formulation of the tablets was part of a ritual known as a "prayer for justice" to the goddess and combined elements of magic and religion. The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath: Vol. That's a British city with a hot spring where the Romans built-yes, you guessed it-baths. [1][2][3] Written on fragments of thin, post-card sized wooden leaf-tablets with carbon-based ink, the tablets date to the 1st and . Found inside – Page lxivSome of the curse texts are very brief, but others have obviously tried to ... Some tablets from Uleyand Bath imply thatthere was a feefor copying thetext. [3] The findings at the spring highlight what Sulis Minerva meant to the people here. Invocando deuses e clamando por vinganca20190712 125068 n0yolo. Bath ist berühmt für die heißen Quellen, die der Stadt ihren Namen geben, und es wird vermutet, dass der Ort mehr als 10.000 Jahre alt war. [23] Most of the depositors of the tablets (the victims of the thefts) appear to have been from the lower social classes. [1] In 1979/1980, around 130 tablets were discovered in an excavation of the "Sacred Spring" under the King's Bath. [34] Curse tablets are of particular use in evidencing the Vulgar Latin of everyday speech,[13] and, since their publication in 1988, the Bath inscriptions have been used as evidence of the nature of British Latin. [5] Some of the tablets were cast under pressure into thin, flexible sheets with a finish as smooth as paper whereas others appear to have been roughly hammered out from a molten lump. or . Inscribed mostly in British Latin, they have been used to attest to the everyday spoken vernacular of . Hae tabellae invocant deam Celticam Sulin atque maledicunt furibus qui bona deae rapuerint.. Bibliographia. Bildnachweis: Mike Peel . Ancient tablets bearing messages from the Roman occupants of Bath seeking revenge from a goddess have been . Tabellae defixionum centum et triginta in thermis Romanis Aquarum Sulis anno 1979 repertae sunt. Bath Curse Tablets (Roman Baths and Pump Room, Bath) The Goddess Sulis Minerva . An examination of Tomlin's elegant drawings of the tablets will make obvious to . (ed.) 23 (1992): pp. Lead. Found insideThe Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath, 2: The Finds from the Sacred Spring, ... Latin: The Text, Interpretation and Language of the Bath Curse Tablets”, ... [14], All but one of the 130 Bath curse tablets concern the restitution of stolen goods and are a type of curse tablet known as "prayers for justice". Found inside – Page 108The Bath tablets , now in the Roman Baths Museum , are published Tomlin 1988 , which ... The Text , Interpretation and Language of the Bath Curse Tablets . Inscribed mostly in British Latin, they have been used to attest to the everyday spoken . ADAMS, J.N., 'British Latin: The Text, Interpretation and Language of the Bath Curse Tablets', Britannia, Vol. form or the order of letters in a word, of words in a line, or of lines in a text might be reversed. More than 130 such curse tablets were recovered from the sacred spring in Bath. [6] Some of the tablets had markings that appear to be an illiterate imitation of lettering, for example repetitive lines of crosses or sevens, and some were completely blank. Found inside – Page 48In other words, curse tablets and other magical texts provide rare written evidence for self-help. One can sympathize with humble bath-goers enlisting a ... A curse tablet or binding spell ( defixio in Latin, κατάδεσμος katadesmos in Greek) is a type of curse. Introduction. The 130 Roman curse tablets can be seen at The Roman Baths, which is managed by Bath & North East Somerset Council. Found inside – Page 227Nominative lists are the norm in the Bath curse tablets (see Tab. ... separated from the list and without an object as it stands in the extant text. Although written conventionally (left to right), several of the letters within this piece of text have been reversed. [13] If this should be the case, they would be the only examples of a written ancient British Celtic language; however, there is not yet scholarly consensus on their decipherment. The curse tablets were written by people who believed they had suffered an injustice. In 1979 and 1980, the Bath curse tablets (t abella defixionis, defixio) were excavated from the sacred hot spring at the Aquae Sulis in the Roman province of Britannia (now Bath, England).The 130 tablets or defixiones, inscribed on thin sheets of pewter, primarily invoked the intercession of the goddess Sulis Minerva for the return of belongings or money stolen while the victim was bathing. The Bath curse tablets are a collection of about 130 Roman era curse tablets (or defixiones in Latin) discovered in 1979/1980 in the English city of Bath. [9] The tablets themselves are on public display at the Roman Baths Museum in Bath. What we do know is that the text discusses matrimony. Daniels, C.M., 'Mithras Saecularis, the Housesteads mithraeum and a fragment from Carrawburgh' in Archaeologia Aeliana: miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity Vol.40 , 1962, 105-115. Curse tablet with Greek text, found in Rome. Found inside – Page 436Adams, J.N. (1992): 'British Latin: The Text, Interpretation and Language of the Bath Curse Tablets', Britannia 23: 1–26. Adkins, L. and Adkins, ... . [2] The spring had been temporarily diverted to facilitate the excavation, revealing a huge array of Roman era items including the tablets. The Bath curse tablets are a collection of about 130 Roman era curse tablets (or defixiones in Latin) discovered in 1979/1980 in the English city of Bath. Curse tablets are typically very thin sheets of lead with the text scratched on in tiny letters. [15] The Bath curse tablets , found in the Roman feeder pool at Bath, Somerset ( Aquae Sulis ), bear about 150 names - about 50% Celtic (but not necessarily Brittonic). Gegründet, als das Wasser Prinz Bladud angeblich von seiner Lepra heilen sollte. One of the Bath tablets (Tab. At Bath, in the UK, for instance, 130 curse tablets were addressed to the goddess Sulis Minerva, many of them seem to invoke punishments that are disproportionate to the crimes committed. ↑ (en) J.N. Found inside – Page 57... simply that a prior ' rough copy ' of the tablet text has been made ... We can be confident that a Bath curse inscribed on a pewter plate was not ... 1. Download full-text PDF. One of the most famous and prolific caches of curse tablets was discovered by archaeologists in the English town of Bath. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. [12] The tablets were meant to call upon the gods for assistance in seeking justice and acted as a popular form of magic throughout the Roman world. [10], Most of the inscriptions are in colloquial Latin,[11] and specifically in the Vulgar Latin of the Romano-British population, known as "British Latin". [4][12] Two of the inscriptions are in a language which is not Latin, although use Roman lettering, and may be in a British Celtic language. ADAMS I. [17] The first step was the drawing up of the curse text. While the letter-forms are well-preserved, the text requires interpretion through linguistic analysis aided by analogies with other curse … Expand. Bath Curse Tablets (Wikipedia) [17], Most of the inscriptions are in colloquial Latin,[18] and specifically in the Vulgar Latin of the Romano-British population, known as "British Latin". Inscribed tablets Main article: Bath curse tablets About 130 curse tablets, mostly addressed to Sulis, have been found in the sacred spring at the Roman baths in Bath. 2, 1998 (ISBN -485-89102-6), p. 11 A Roman curse tablet from Bath. Since the first Roman finds from the site emerged in the 18th century, the sanctuary has generated a great deal of scholarly interest . From the lower part of the same margin a rectangular area, W 0.009525 × H 0.0381 m, is lacking. Rethinking the Other in Antiquity. This was to check that the length of the text fitted the size of the tablet sheet. In the case of the Bath curse tablets, this was a body of water at a temple sacred to Sulis. Found inside – Page 417Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 31, 135–137. Adams, J. N. (1992). British Latin: the text, interpretation and language of the Bath curse tablets ... Found inside – Page 97... 419-30; J. N. Adams, "British Latin: The Text, Interpretation and Language of the Bath Curse Tablets," Britannia 23 (1992), 1-26; R. S. O. Tomlin, ... [7] Some of the tablets had markings that appear to be an illiterate imitation of lettering, for example repetitive lines of crosses or sevens, and some were completely blank. Believed to range in date from the 2nd to the late 4th century AD, the tablets were rolled up and thrown into the Spring where the spirit of the goddess Sulis Minerva dwelt. These have recently been published by R.S.O. hocus pocus!) PRB P.1978.1-2. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. donatio. [18], The inscriptions generally follow the same formula, suggesting it was taken from a handbook: the stolen property is declared as having been transferred to a deity so that the loss becomes the deity’s loss; the suspect is named and, in 21 cases, so is the victim; the victim then asks the deity to visit afflictions on the thief (including death) not as a punishment but to induce the thief to hand the stolen items back. Found inside – Page 193England, Bath; from the sacred spring whose matron deity was Sulis Minerva. Lead alloy tablet measuring 9.9 × 5.2 cm.; written in Latin capitals. Sul. This curse tablet alludes to a more serious theft - the theft of a woman (perhaps a slave . or . The Roman baths and temple dedicated to the goddess Sulis Minerva in the English city of Bath (founded by the Romans as Aquae Sulis) were excavated between 1978 and 1983 by a team led by Barry Cunliffe and Peter Davenport. On one side of the tablet the writing 'appears in rough lines . To try to put myself more into the position of the ancient authors I did two further experiments. LATIN CURSE TEXTS 59 Acta Ant. The tablets invoke the intercession of the goddess Sulis Minerva in the return of stolen goods and to curse the perpetrators of the thefts. E.g., RIB III numbers every fourth line, while in the Bloomberg Tablets, the first and every fifth line thereafter is numbered. It is unusual in that it is a round shape. lingua Latina vulgari scriptae sunt. Curse tablets, known to researchers as defixiones, were a popular form of expression in the Roman Empire from the 5th century BCE to the 5th century CE.More than 1500 tablets—inscribed in Latin . Hung. They are a rich source of information about life on the northern frontier of Roman Britain. Thieves also liked to take sandals, rings . [16] The deity whose help was invoked is Sulis, and the tablets were deposited by the victims in the spring that was sacred to her.[3]. Curse tablets were used to influence other people, often the gods were asked to influence someone else, or to do harm to them. Studies in Honour of Roger S. O. Tomlin. Curse tablets are typically very thin sheets of lead with the text scratched on in tiny letters. Category:Bath curse tablets. The tablets, discovered in 1979/80 in Bath, were initally assumed to be made of lead, but, after metallurgical analysis, were recognized to be made of lead alloyed with tin, and occasional traces of copper. [35], In 2014, the Bath curse tablets were recognised by UNESCO in its Memory of the World UK Register. Apart from the reference to a 'sheet (of lead)', the first explicit instance of a curse tablet being named in that way, the main interest of this text lies in the stolen goods - gloves - the existence of which in Roman Britain is otherwise virtually unknown. Two tablets detail the loss of a caracalla, or cape. Bath curse tablets: "The Roman curse tablets from Bath Britain's earliest prayers. Found inside188–91 ADAMS, J.N. 1992 'British Latin: The text, interpretation and language of the Bath curse tablets' Britannia 23, 1–26 ADDYMAN, P.V. 1974 'Excavations ... [20] If this should be the case, they would be the only examples of a written ancient British Celtic language; however, there is not yet scholarly consensus on their decipherment. Votive Objects and Ritual Practice at the King's Spring at Bath, Mystifying Roman nails: clavus annalis, defixiones and minkisi. "British Latin: the text, interpretation and language of the Bath Curse Tablets". It could be found in all of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. INTRODUCTION* ritain is now the main source of new Latin. Curse tablets were used to influence other people, often the gods were asked to influence someone else, or to do harm to them. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. I made myself a straight version of the text on paper, then wrote it backwards onto a tablet. [6] Some of the tablets were cast under pressure into thin, flexible sheets with a finish as smooth as paper whereas others appear to have been roughly hammered out from a molten lump. Adams, « British Latin : the text, interpretation and language of the Bath Curse Tablets », Britannia, vol. [10][11], Two of the Bath curse tablets on display at the, "British Latin: The Text, Interpretation and Language of the Bath Curse Tablets", "Roman curse tablets from Bath recognised by Unesco", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bath_curse_tablets&oldid=1021245527, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 3 May 2021, at 17:48. Found inside – Page 672BIBLIOGRAPHY J.N. Adams (1976a), The Text and Language of a Vulgar Latin ... Latin: the text, interpretation and language of the Bath curse tablets', ... They are the only documents from Roman Britain on that l. Curse tablets are typically very thin sheets of lead with the text scratched on in tiny letters. Download Citation | VILBIAM (RIB 154): Kidnap or Robbery? Hung. (275) The oldest known curse tablets date from the end of the sixth century BCE from a Greek colony on the island of Sicily. Inscribed mostly in British Latin, they have been used to attest to the everyday spoken vernacular of the Romano-British population of the second to fourth centuries A.D. Found insideIn groups of comparable documents, such as the Bath curse tablets, ... since funerary and building inscriptions were not the only texts that used fixed ... name of the object's mother first is characteristic of all curse tablets: . 3 Die Bath Curse Tablets. Found inside – Page 175The text in New Roman Cursive which refers to ' pagans and Christians ... “ British Latin : the text , interpretation and language of the Bath curse tablets ... 108. It has usually, but with some reservations, been regarded as a female . You can download the paper by clicking the button above. [5][9] Additionally, the contents of the inscriptions have been used as evidence of popular attitudes to crime and the system of justice. 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